Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) Essay Example

Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) Paper A work is a sonnet of fourteen lines that rhyme in a specific example. William Shakespeare’s poems were the main non-emotional verse that he composed. Shakespeare utilized pieces inside a portion of his plays, however his works are most popular as a progression of one hundred and fifty-four sonnets. The arrangement of one hundred and fifty-four sonnets recount to a tale about a youthful blue-blood and a secretive fancy woman. Numerous individuals have broke down and pondered about the importance of these â€Å"lovers†. After examination of the substance of both the â€Å"young man† works and the â€Å"dark woman sonnets†, unmistakably the artist, Shakespeare, has an extraordinary love for the youngster and just yearns for his escort. So as to completely comprehend the profundity of feeling that Shakespeare (in the future the artist) felt for the youngster of his works, one must be comfortable with the story line of the main sub-arrangement of the pieces. While breaking down the substance and profundity of the poet’s love, the vague idea of the poet’s relationship with the youngster ought to likewise be thought of. We will compose a custom article test on Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Love and Lust in the Lyrics (Shakespeares Sonnets) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Works 1-126 are routed to a remarkable youngster: prompting him, applauding him, and pestering him. The initial nineteen works rehash a similar message. They urge the youngster to settle down and have kids. Since his energetic excellence won't keep going forever, the artist encourages the man to reproduce with the goal that the youthful man’s unequaled magnificence can live on in his kids. Huge numbers of the early pieces sing the support of the youngster and express the poet’s love and copying for him. Shakespeare utilized love with regards to a profound companionship, as read in the initial four lines of work 26: Lord of my adoration, to whom in vassalage Thy merit hath my obligation unequivocally weave, To thee I send this composed ambassage To observe obligation, not to show my mind; (see reference section P for entire poem) The fancy woman at that point allures the poet’s companion and after he battles for her with the youngster, the artist surrenders her to the ruler. In piece 42 (see informative supplement A) the writer admits his supposed love for his courtesan, in any case, he despite everything lets her flee with his companion. This activity offers two conversation starters to the peruser. On the off chance that he adored her so much, for what reason did he let her go? How profound was his adoration for the youngster, that he let him have his special lady? Analyzing what sort of relationship the artist has with the youngster responds to the two inquiries. Translators regarding the matter of the poet’s sexuality can be isolated into two gatherings. There are the rare sorts of people who find sexual fascination uncovered toward the companion. At that point there are simply the numerous that console and perusers that such a fascination is a long way from asserted. With the end goal of this article, an emphasis on the minority perspective will be inspected. Poem 20 (see informative supplement B) shows only one case of sexual implication that is available all through the works of the principal sub-succession. Work 75 (see supplement C) is especially thick with sexual allusion. Here, in any case, is the third quatrain: Sometime all full with devouring your sight, And eventually clean starved for a look; Possessing or seeking after no enjoyment Save what is had, or should from you be took. Here Shakespeare makes â€Å"delight† suggest sexual joy. Eric Partridge, writer of Shakespeare’s Bawdy: a Literary and Psychological Essay and Comprehensive Glossary, records that â€Å"Shakespeare does these somewhere else, an ordinarily including among the references 36. 8 (see index D for entire work) where the ‘sweet hours’ of ‘love’s delight’ comprises of affectionate play between the lovers† (Pequigney 38). Having the writer and the youngster in a relationship that goes past fellowship permits a peruser of the poems to all the more likely comprehend the profundity of the poet’s love for the youngster. Of the considerable number of poems communicating the poet’s love for the youngster, work 116 is the most famous. As per Freud, love is â€Å"the blend between the unsensual, superb love and arousing, earth love, of which the qualities are: an enduring cathexis upon the sexual item, with the goal that it might be adored in the impassive stretches between the delight of suggestive want and it’s return, the wonder of sexual overvaluation, and a narcissistic connection to the subject’s ego† (Bloom 59-60). So the sweetheart, the artist, treats the cherished article, the youngster, as he would himself. The cherished article fills in as a substitute for some unattained perfect. On account of the works, the perfect is love. Being infatuated permits the artist to have what he needs yet couldn't secure previously and fills in as a methods for fulfilling his self esteem. Joseph Pequigney, creator of Such is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, concurs with and expounds on Freud. He composes, â€Å"All of these attributes have a place with the poet’s love for the companion. It is an adoration that delivers attractive narcissistic profits; it is favorable likewise for the companion, who is applauded for individual characteristics that would probably pass unnoticed were the writer not under the spell of his magnificence. † Pequigney proceeds to address the absolute opposite of the poet’s love for the youngster, his desire for his special lady the â€Å"dark lady†. Since the courtesan offers no greedy focal points, she is â€Å"disesteemed with bad habit however never ideals attributed to her† (Pequigney 157). The writer assaults and questions her physical appeal as the issue goes on and she stimulates desire that travels every which way. Poems 127-154 are routed to the â€Å"dark lady† (henceforth the special lady). Shakespeare’s relations to his paramour waver; some of the time cheerful, delicate, prodding, or sharply outrage; yet it is a more straightforward connection than that with the youngster. The artist doesn't need to legitimize her, as he needed to legitimize the youngster out of profound mental need. The connection with her is for joy, enthusiasm, and fascination. At the point when the writer initially starts also court the fancy woman, he utilizes undeniable indecent amusingness, shows the blend of want and lack of regard that is the sign of desire in the subsequent sub-arrangement. His absence of enviously at the way that she has two other men shows his absence of real love for his courtesan. He doesn't hope to dispose of his mistress’s different darlings; he just asks that he isn't disposed of either. For whatever length of time that she allows him sexual favors too, he will stay cheerful. She might be something contrary to abstinent, yet he wouldn't fret, insofar as he gets his offer. The two have sexual relations, just because, in the period following poem 128 (see index F) and in a matter of seconds before the opening of piece 129 (addendum G). When want for the lady has been fulfilled, aversion sets in. In his present outlook the artist conveys the monolog of poem 129, which examines desire while sensationalizing his battle to deal with it. The experience is portrayed as three progressive stages: (1) fleshly want; (2) fulfillment; and (3) the repercussions (Ramsey 146). The endless loop constantly rehashes all through section two. Following piece 129 the writer returns to merrily, delicately prodding his escort, appeared in poem 130: I love to hear her talk, yet well I realize That music hath an undeniably all the more satisfying sound; I award I never observed a goddess go†My special lady when she strolls steps on the ground. But then by paradise I think my affection as uncommon As any she gave a false representation of with bogus look at. (see supplement H for entire poem) Later he returns to outrage and sharpness (131, informative supplement I) to a blend of prodding and compelling feeling (132, reference section J) back to disdain (133, index K). From that point, he goes to clever profanity, with shades of self-scorn and some threatening vibe (135, reference section L) to fragile delicacy (143, informative supplement M) and back to outrage (144, addendum N), to begin the cycle all once more. Shakespeare closes the sonnets to the dull woman brutally and properly: For I have sworn thee reasonable: More lied eye, To swear against reality so foul a falsehood. (see informative supplement O for entire piece) The wrath is the rage from his cognizant faltering between assumed love and desire. It's anything but a charming method to end 154 love sonnets, however it is an incredible way. The account of Shakespeare’s poems obviously appears, through the substance of the works, how profoundly he feels for his young companion and how he only craves his escort. The penance that the artist made for the youngster, by surrendering his fancy woman to the man he adored, demonstrates his incredible love for him. The poet’s response to the culmination of the connection between his fancy woman and him portrays his creature desire for her. Shakespeare legitimizes the youngster; he accuses the dim woman; he battles with himself, accuses himself, and afterward attempts to legitimize himself without much of any result.

Death Of The Superstars :: essays research papers

Demise of the Superstars      Have you at any point considered what it resembles to hear some out of the most prominent music stars within recent memory. I'm discussing the stars that never made it to full unmistakable quality. The rundown of players is alarmingly high and dismal. The capability of these entertainers never met. It would be something to perceive what the music of today would resemble.      I was perusing a book for a spell back. Try not to chuckle, I read now and again. It was a book from sadly, Stephen King. Okay I'm not heartbroken. I like him! Anyway, it was called something like, "They Have a Great Band There!" It was a story of two youthful grown-ups driving along a nation street, the youngster driving was clearly lost however wouldn't let it be known. I'm told folks do that frequently. As the street kept on narrowing and the brush kept on surrounding them. They out of nowhere found a sign that had the name of a town that neither one of them heard of. They chose to go down and check whether somebody could give them bearings. They before long were out of they're vehicle and searching for somebody to support them. The two of them seen while the man behind the counter of the nearby bar that they were in looked a great deal like John Lennon. They additionally noticed the youngster singing in the corner looked and sounded unbelievably like Janice Joplin. The book or then again should I say short story proceeded as no one but King could, individuals biting the dust , unusual discussions and only peculiarity when all is said in done.      Now, I recounted to that little story since I needed to give you a little foundation on why I picked this subject. What might have occurred if Jimi Hendrix had lived? His music lives on even today. At the point when he was alive he just discharge 3 studio collections and on the off chance that you go into the stores you most likely will locate no not exactly 10 unique collections from him. The present children and individuals as far as anyone knows up to date, like to place music into various classes. Rap, Alternative, Rock, Jazz, Old style. Hendrix crossed each one of those. I not being dark wouldn't know without a doubt be that as it may, would his living have generated increasingly dark stone performers. State that occurred. Would it be conceivable that in the present music. There may be progressively individuals of color tuning in to exciting music and less whites. I state this reason on the off chance that he did live on and turned into a good example for youthful dark artists. There may be more enthusiasm for rock than there is right now.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Is Worship Buddhist Free Essays

Alexander Johnson Is Worship Buddhist? The most significant thing about otherworldliness is that everybody has a special involvement in it. That being stated, no one has the privilege to state what is and what isn't somebody else’s conviction framework. At that point we go to the instance of Buddhism, where the underlying lessons have developed throughout its history, and the topic of being Buddhist turns out to be much progressively muddied. We will compose a custom exposition test on Is Worship Buddhist or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now There are a few works, guaranteeing words legitimately from the mouth of Buddha, which depict strategies for venerate that will allow an admirer incredible measures of profound legitimacy, for example, introducing endowments or making unrestrained spots of love, which guarantee a superior resurrection or other favorable luck. At the point when one inspects who stands to pick up from such activities, be that as it may, it is genuinely apparent that whowever controls the destiny of such forfeits and work has a lot to pick up without a doubt. This might be important for the endurance of the religion and better for the whole network, yet isn't in of itself Buddhist. At that point there are other Buddhist works which appear to straightforwardly negate parts of such love. One focal topic in the lessons is to stay away from connection to physical things; a custom, for example, washing a stone picture every day or building a gem encrusted holy place unmistakably restricts that thought. For one to append oneself to even the characteristic of being Buddhist is unbecoming of the most perfect specialist. For about all things, and particularly with profound practice, there is no high contrast, only shades of dim. Love, alongside all things, is dependent upon translation. Instructions to refer to Is Worship Buddhist, Papers

Nutrition Behavior Change Project Essay

Keeping up a conduct can be hard, â€Å"the inspiration must originate from within.† For as far back as 23 days I have been endeavoring to change and succeed, by the 22nd of October, in two explicit healthful conduct objectives. One of them was to allow in any event 30 grams of fiber on weekdays and in any event 25 grams on ends of the week. The other was to lessen my sodium consumption by a quarter, on weekdays, of what it was every day and diminish it by an eighth on ends of the week. This planning all began about seven days before my 23 days of change. In the three starting days I followed my eating regimen and found that my low fiber and high sodium utilizations were educational issues. My normal fiber consumption every day rested at 21.18g, which was essentially lower than my objective of 38g every day. As this issue emerged so did my mindfulness that various parts of my wellbeing were in danger. For instance, my low fiber admission could put me at risk for creating coron ary illness. Fiber supplements diminish the opportunity of ailment like coronary illness, diabetes, and numerous other loathsome diseases. Moreover, nourishments that comprise of fiber give a sentiment of completion without extra calories being added to an eating regimen. With respect to my Sodium consumption, I was suggested an objective of 1500mg every day except I was really eating up a soaring 3959.4mg per day. Without reconsidering I realized I needed to make huge conduct changes. Concerning my transcending sodium admission, I found that high sodium utilization makes the body protect more water, which can raise the blood volume and, thus, increment circulatory strain. Considering my hypertension it would be basic and significant to bring down my sodium admission. Luckily, the information gathered exhibited that the measure of sodium I have been taking in every day has been assuming a job in my raised circulatory strain. Subsequent to checking on this information and leading examination on th ese two supplements I felt intense about changing my eating fewer carbs practices. In which case, comparative with the Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model of conduct change, toward the beginning of this undertaking I was assuredly in the planning stage. I started with a decided mentality that would assist me with changing my present practices inside a month. To change my conduct I madeâ goals to reach by the 22nd and utilized methodologies that would assist me with completing my SMART objectives. For instance, I ensured that I controlled my condition by purchasing products of the soil sound snacks rather than undesirable nibble nourishments. I additionally had peer support from my flat mate who reminded me when I was nibbling horribly to rather nibble on a banana or apple. My brilliant arrangement aptitudes allowed me achievement in my dietary conduct objectives. In general I feel certain that I have prevailing with regards to changing my practices. Regular I have been aware of my fiber and sodium objectives. Once in a while did I go eat off grounds. I reliably had lunch at the Hanwell dinning corridor, with the exception of 1 day when I was wiped out and in bed, and I generally had supper at Smith dinning lobby. Hanwell and Smith give an incredible choice of foods grown from the ground greens, so ordinary I could eat my fundamental bowl of natural product for lunch and required supper plate of mixed greens. I didn’t eat a serving of mixed greens or a bowl of organic product on exclusively one day, notwithstanding, I felt sick that day. Likewise, since I just had Gatorade, squeeze and water with my suppers, my sodium level diminished considerably. My commonplace day comprised of eating microwavable morning meals with juice in the dormitory, lunch at Hanwell and supper at Smith. My accomplishment in changing my supporting practices was because of staying aware of my following sheet. Thusly, I expanded my fiber admission to 34.34g on weekdays and 26.61g on ends of the week. This information surpassed my objective of fiber admission on the two weekdays (30g or more) and ends of the week (25g or more). My sodium admission likewise surpassed the standard; weekdays I devoured 2841.32mg per day and 3303.9mg every day on ends of the week. With devotion comes achievement and with the end goal for me to remain committed I expected to develop thoroughly considered methodologies. A technique that contributed the most to my practiced objectives was to eat off grounds just two times each week. Typically I spared eating out for the ends of the week however eating nearby settled on it simple to settle on solid decisions. For example, when I had off grounds for lunch on the ninth my sodium admission was 1324.22mg for that solitary dinner and when I had lunch nearby on the 29th, a weekday, my sodium was not exactly a large portion of the sodium of the off grounds supper I ate on the ninth. Another procedure that helped my prosperity was my utilization of condition control. I quit purchasing junkâ food and wound up winding on natural product, especially bananas, and incidentally canned beans. Thusly, I expanded my fiber over my weekday and end of the week admission objective. These two techniques went about as a spine to my ach ievement in my objectives. Despite the fact that I was exceptionally fruitful in my objectives, I confronted two significant boundaries simultaneously. Figuring out how to eat well on ends of the week was an enormous obstruction with my bustling soccer plan. Breakfast is anything but difficult to make yet lunch and supper is exceptionally hard to go to because of evening practices and night games. The ends of the week on normal helped up my sodium about 600mg higher than the weekdays; all things considered, I despite everything satisfied my sodium consumption objective. I realized ends of the week would make an issue even before I began the venture on the grounds that it’s been a progressing issue since school began. Moreover, time was additionally a muddled obstruction to work around. Time is a typical hindrance when attempting to eat healthy, be increasingly dynamic or essentially approaching a daily schedule. At the point when I was in a race to class or hustling around grounds dealing with things, I would some of the time bargain for fast microwavable items, which I learned contain more sodium than the typical. Out of the obstructions I looked there was one that I didn't anticipate, my ADHD medication. This drug limited my craving, now and then to where I would not like to eat. At the point when this happened I coercively fed myself yet with littler segments. I would in general eat more serving of mixed greens rather than the substantial, filling food. In spite of these impediments, following multi week I rolled out just a single improvement to my conduct. I grew better shopping aptitudes that helped me acquire prevalent quality microwavable nourishments and I began to keep organic product in my pack on the off chance that I felt crunched for time. This change helped me to finish my exercises and flourish in my objectives. During this task three significant issues rose with respect to my sustenance. One was that a few nourishments that I thought were sound aren’t. For instance, I generally ate seasoned moment cereal reasoning it was exceptionally sound and nutritious, in any case, oats that has enhancing in it, I learned, normally has in excess of 12 grams of sugar in it per serving. As I got familiar with this item I found that this oats was not entire oats which are unmistakably progressively more advantageous and can rush to make as moment cereal. Picking an option for this food was essential to diminish my admission of sugar. Another significant issue that developed was what food I took in when going with the soccer group. It had nothing to do with the association. It was my own selection of bites that I chose to welcome on the transport rides; like popcorn or as amazing as it sounds, yogurt. Yogurt is solid as long as its kept straightforward, in any case, my yogurts were stacked with sea soning and shading that lifts up the sugar content. In result I settled on elective decisions (apples, bananas) that would improve my game and lift my vitality soundly. Ultimately, I encountered a significant issue with my flat mate. As much as he helped me to settle on solid choices, deceptively, he appeared to be not able to settle on sound choices for himself. He as a rule consistently has a sack of chips and a monstrous measure of treats laying around which didn’t help in commitment to my objectives; my sodium consumption objective. In spite of the fact that I discovered that so as to start eating better and progressively solid, I invested less energy in the room. Presently I am entirely acceptable about saying â€Å"NO† when greasy lousy nourishment in my essence. Generally I learned numerous things about changing a wellbeing conduct. I discovered that changing a conduct requires significant investment and exertion so as to succeed. The vast majority of all, changing a wellbeing conduct takes assurance in light of the fact that without that it is difficult to change. In the wake of finishing this undertaking I am pleased to state I have moved structure the readiness stage toward the start of the venture, to the activity stage in the Transtheoretical model. This accompanied the assistance of my dedication, in tolerating the duty of progress, objectives, to keep me inspired, rewards, when I finished my objectives I purchased a redskins shirt I’ve been needing, and ultimately condition control, where I just purchased sound nourishments like products of the soil. Presently I am effectively changing my negative practices and receiving new sound practices in my mission to arrange number 5, the upkeep stage.

Thursday, August 13, 2020

How Much Do School Psychologists Earn

How Much Do School Psychologists Earn Student Resources Careers Print How Much Do School Psychologists Earn? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 23, 2019 Michaela Begsteiger / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips School psychologists work in educational settings to help young people with academic, social, and emotional problems. Being a psychologist is often identified as a hot career due to expected growth in job demand in the coming years, thanks to an increased need within the educational system, as well as an expected increase in the number of psychologists retiring. In 2014, 25% of psychologists worked in schools. School Psychologist Ranks as a Top Career In 2017, U.S. News and World Report ranked school psychology as one of their 50 best careers of the year. School psychologists made their list thanks to good salaries for professionals in the field  and a strong projected job outlook. Of course, salary should never be your only consideration when selecting a career. Other factors such as quality of life, type of work, and job demand should also factor into your decision. That said, school psychology is expected to continue to grow in the coming years as the demand for psychological services in educational settings rises. According to projections by the U.S. Department of Labor, the demand for school psychologists is expected to grow by an estimated 20 percent from 2014 to 2024, which is considered much faster than the average for all other occupations. So just how much might you expect to earn each year as a school psychologist? Salaries The Occupational Outlook Handbook, published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, reports that in May 2016, psychologists employed in both private and public elementary and secondary schools earned a mean annual salary of $72,910. Specific salaries vary depending on a number of factors including geographic location and years of experience. Annual salaries tend to be higher in major  metropolitan areas, although its important to note that these areas also generally have a higher cost of living. How to Become a School Psychologist Youll need a doctorate or a specialist-level degree to become a school psychologist. After youve completed your graduate degree, youll need to become certified or licensed by the state in which you are working. Salaries Versus Other Education-Related Fields How do earnings for school psychologists compare to others employed in the field of education? According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, school psychologists  average more per year than school counselors  ($54,560 average per year), elementary school teachers ($55,490 average per year), high school teachers ($58,030 average per year), and special education teachers ($57,910 average per year). Miscellaneous Statistics Other statistics regarding school psychologists from the Bureau of Labor Statistics report of May 2016: The best salaries for school psychologists were in New Jersey, South Dakota, California, New York, and Oregon.The states with the highest number of jobs for school psychologists were California, New York, Texas, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.

Structuralism and Functionalism Schools of Thought

Structuralism and Functionalism Schools of Thought History and Biographies Print Structuralism and Functionalism Schools of Thought By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 25, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Origins of Psychology Structuralism Views of Structuralism Functionalism Views of Functionalism View All Back To Top When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first two major schools of psychology to emerge during this time were known as structuralism and functionalism. While neither of these schools held up long as psychology progressed as a science, they did make important contributions to the development of modern psychology. Structuralism, Functionalism, and the Origins of Psychology Structuralism emerged as the first school of thought and some of the ideas associated with the structuralist school were advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. One of Wundts students, a man named Edward B. Titchener, would later go on to formally establish and name structuralism, although he broke away from many of Wundts ideas and at times even misrepresented the teachings of his mentor. Almost immediately other theories surfaced to vie for dominance in psychology. In response to structuralism, an American perspective known as functionalism emerged from thinkers such as Charles Darwin and William James. In 1906, Mary Whiton Calkins published an article in Psychological Review asking for a reconciliation between these two schools of thought. Structuralism and functionalism were not so different, she argued since both are principally concerned with the conscious self. Despite this, each side continued to cast aspersions on the other. William James wrote that structuralism had plenty of school, but no thought, while Wilhelm Wundt dismissed functionalism as literature rather than science. Eventually, both of these schools of thought lost dominance in psychology, replaced by the rise of behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitive psychology through the beginning and middle part of the twentieth century. In order to understand how these early schools of thought influenced the course of psychology, lets take a closer look at each one. What Was Structuralism? Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of the first psychology lab, is often associated with this school of thought despite the fact that it was his student, Edward B. Titchener, who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. While Wundts work helped to establish psychology as a separate science and contributed methods to experimental psychology, Wundt himself referred to his view of psychology as volunteerism and his theories tended to be much more holistic than the ideas that Titchener later introduced in the United States. Titcheners development of structuralism helped establish the very first school of psychology, but structuralism itself did not last long beyond Titcheners death. The Strengths and Criticisms of Structuralism By today’s scientific standards, the experimental methods used to study the structures of the mind were too subjectiveâ€"the use of introspection led to a lack of reliability in results. Other critics argue that structuralism was too concerned with internal behavior, which is not directly observable and cannot be accurately measured. However, these critiques do not mean that structuralism lacked significance. Structuralism is important because it is the first major school of thought in psychology. The structuralist school also influenced the development of experimental psychology. What Was Functionalism? Functionalism formed as a reaction to structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.  Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education. Some of the important functionalist thinkers included William James, John Dewey, Harvey Carr, and John Angell. Strengths and Criticisms of Functionalism Functionalism was criticized perhaps most famously by Wundt. It is literature. It is beautiful, but it is not psychology, he said of functionalist William James’ The Principles of Psychology. Functionalism was an important influence on psychology. It influenced the development of behaviorism and applied psychology. Functionalism also influenced the educational system, especially with regards to John Dewey’s belief that children should learn at the level for which they are developmentally prepared. A Word From Verywell While neither of these early schools of thought remains today, they both had an important influence on the emergence of psychology as modern science. Wundt and Titcheners structuralism played a role in the drive to make psychology a more experimental science, while Jamess functionalism helped focus psychology on the process of actually solving real problems. By understanding the focus of structuralism and functionalism, you can gain a greater appreciation of how psychology arrived at the point it is today.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Job Satisfaction Mba Thesis Chapter 3 - Research Methodology

Paaryveanthan Vellasamy (100227571) CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The discussion of research methodology is an important part within the research project, because it has great influences on the overall research activities and thus to make good piece of research work with valid conclusion and recommendation in accordance with research aims, objectives and research questions. For example, Kothari (2004 p.05-06) has described that depending on the type of research, the research methodology helps the researcher to identify and explore key tools and techniques for the purpose of collecting different data and information. Thus, whatever the research type, there should be appropriate discussion†¦show more content†¦3.5 Data collection methods Data collection both primary and secondary is an important part of the research project. If the researcher does not collect and gather appropriate and relevant data, he or she cannot make good piece of research report in accordance with research aims, objectives and questions. In this case, the researcher needs to consider some things within the data collection. The researcher has covered all of the relevant issues in the data collection methods within this chapter of research methodology. 3.5.1 Questionnaire design The researcher has conducted semi-structured questionnaire survey for the purpose of collecting primary data and document review analysis for the purpose of collecting secondary data from the case studied organization, such as JUPEM Negeri Sembilan. All of the research questions have been designated in such as way that reflected the overall research aims, objectives and research questions. The questions were divided in six sections to cover general parts and all the five independent variables such as personal factors, social factors, organizational factors, environment factors andShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Planning in the Banking Sector of Bangladesh: a Comparative Study Between Public Private Bank4874 Words   |  20 PagesThe term paper submitted by: SMA Scufiean Rana, Master of Business Administration (MBA), Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh Cell: +8801711980717 Email: smasrana@yahoo.com People are the most valued asset of the organization, be it private or public, human resources are endowed with such uncommon qualities as creativity, problem solving ability and they can be motivated, they can as a team. (Akkas 2000:20) People have synergetic power. Synergy means the whole is grater than theRead MoreThe Lifestyle of a Filipino Band Member5512 Words   |  23 PagesMEMBER A thesis presented to the Faculty of the Department of AB Communications La Salle College, Antipolo City In partial fulfillment for the requirements of the course Bachelor of Arts in Communications Allan Jarrel J. Ganotan Mark Jesse C. Magbag Van Wesley A. Sagun Jio Byron G. Tabarangao March 2012 La Salle College Antipolo City St. John Baptist de La Salle College Department THESIS APPROVAL SHEET Read MoreTraining and Development on Employees Performance11435 Words   |  46 PagesON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE (A STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA) BY NDIH AZUKA MARTINS MATRIC NO: 051003216 Being a Research Project Submitted to Distance Learning Institute, (Department Of Business Administration) University Of Lagos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration OCTOBER 2010 CERTIFICATION This research project titled The Effects of Training and Development on employees Performance by Ndih Azuka martins meets regulationRead MoreEssay on Employee Motivation and Performance17868 Words   |  72 Pages[pic] Master of Business Administration (MBA) An analysis of the Effects of Rewards and Compensation on Employees’ Motivation and Performance Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements to the University of Wales for the award of the Degree Of Master of Business Administration (MBA) April 2012 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degreeRead MoreLiterature Review Summary19571 Words   |  79 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH The essence of the dissertation principally to carry out relationship that exist between the impact of customer satisfaction and business performance from its antecedents of customer loyalty and retention, customer relationship management, based on performance of attribute in retail industry. A case study of ASDA is presented as concept proof. A detailed background of satisfaction of customer, loyalty and retention towards product or serviceRead MoreStandardisation and Adaptation Within International Marketing Context24708 Words   |  99 Pagesco-operation in the provision of insight information on both the company and the cosmetic industry in general Finally, my greatest debt is to my sweet husband on his undivided support, encouragement and prayer all the way through till the end of the MBA programme. To all of you I say, thank you for your support and inspiration. i Abstract Every multinational business is faced with a very important marketing decision: to standardise or to adapt its marketing mix? This case study outlines a theoreticalRead MoreThe Extent at Which Peer Group Affect Students Academic Performance3132 Words   |  13 PagesHIGH SCHOOL A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty Members of the UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY General San Miguel Street, Sangandaan, Caloocan City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY By: Danna Reyes Mharfel M. Milanes September 23, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Approval Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter I THE PROBLEMRead MoreAn Evaluation on the Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Service Marketing (Sm) with Special Reference to Emirates Airline†30191 Words   |  121 Pageshumble effort, The fruit of my thoughts and study To my affectionate Parents Who send me for higher education And encouraging me† CONTENTS PAGE 3 Acknowledgements Abstract Chapter One Introduction Purpose of Dissertation 1.1 Research Objectives 1.2 Main Source of Information 1.3 Dissertation Outline 1.4 7 8 9 10 13 13 14-15 Chapter Two Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Customer Relationship Management 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 Service Marketing 1.3 Read MoreAn Evaluation on the Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Service Marketing (Sm) with Special Reference to Emirates Airline†30204 Words   |  121 Pagesthoughts and study To my affectionate Parents Who send me for higher education And encouraging me† CONTENTS PAGE 3 Acknowledgements Abstract Chapter One Introduction Purpose of Dissertation 1.1 Research Objectives 1.2 Main Source of Information 1.3 Dissertation Outline 1.4 7 8 9 10 13 13 14-15 Chapter Two Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Customer Relationship Management 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2Read MoreCustomer Satisfaction in the Practices in the Hotels/Inns and Resorts8670 Words   |  35 PagesCUSTOMER SATISFACTION ON THE PRACTICES OF THE HOTELS/INNS AND RESORTS IN THE FIRST DISTRICT OF ILOCOS SUR A Thesis Proposal Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Northern Philippines Vigan City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Business Administration By: VIVENCIO C. PERALTA JR. 2011-2012 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM Introduction Throughout history

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Globalization And Its Impact On Socio Economy - 1701 Words

Globalization and its Impact on Socio-Economy in India Dr. Mahendra Singh Associate Professor Department of Sociology Madhav University, Pindwara (Rajasthan) Abstract: Globalization was adopted by Indian Government during 1990-91 when Indian Economy was in a very bad shape. It was, however, adopted not as a solution to deteriorating Indian economy but to enable itself to get further foreign exchange loans from World Bank as its foreign exchange reserves were reduced to mere 3 weeks outflow. To rectify its ailing financial health, Government simultaneously decided to amend its economic policies and go for privatization liberalization of its economy. These decisions had immediate positive effect. However, globalization has proved to be a double edged weapon. It did help government temporarily meet its emergent need of foreign exchange but it has, as a by-product, caused some permanent damage to Indian Economic system and Indian social structure. Key Words: Privatization, Liberalization, current account deficits, disinvestment, western culture. INTRODUCTION For thousands of years, different countries have been doing trade with one another . But the process has got a tremendous boost in last about two decades due to high handed policies of International Monetary Fund, world bank and world trade organization who have been working on the agenda of developed countries like USA. They practically forced underdeveloped countries to adopt full throttle globalization by openingShow MoreRelatedLife And Debt And My Readings935 Words   |  4 Pagesfilm Life and Debt and my readings, I have come to the opinion that economic globalization works in favor of powerful and wealthy countries while undermining the interests of poorer, less developed countries to cultivate their own economy and establish a substantial quality of life for their civilians. In the film Life and Debt, this situation is exemplified through Jamaica’s decades-long grapple with economic globalization in their involvement with the IMF, World Bank, and various trade agreemen tsRead MoreGlobalization And The Speed Of Globalization1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthe speed of globalization in current years. Its scope has too widened past the realm of economies to involve the domains of cultural, political and social practices and norms. This powerful shove has been connected with far-reaching cost for economic well-being, political processes and social structures in countries across the world. The diverse parts of the entire world have actually become so co-dependent in so many respects that it is not possible any longer to comprehend their socio-economic troublesRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Pakistan s Economy978 Words   |  4 Pages SYNOPSIS Topic: Globalization and its impact on Pakistan’s economy Submitted to: Miss Ayesha Submitted by: Syeda Fatima Nadir Semester: 6 Major: Economics Introduction: Globalisation is the processRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Stiglitz A Recipient Of The Nobel Prize Economics, And Andrew Charlton930 Words   |  4 Pagestheoretical applications, the book elaborates on the proposal, which is fair trade, and how it can initiate development in a country. Besides providing a holistic and substantive perspective on fair trade, the book also expounds on the effects of globalization on world trade and the development of third world countries. The book is useful to the study, as it will provide a clearer and better understanding of fair trade and support the arguments in the study. The main limitation of the study is that theRead MorePolitical Factors That Affect International Business1020 Words   |  5 Pageslimit the number of imports in a state. One leading political environment factor that hinders economy growth in many countries is corruption. This fraud leads to substantial revenue increases and touches all global organizations. Some companies pay bribes to government official which affect the level of competitiveness among international businesses. For instance, due to the increased impact of globalization on international business, the united states foreign corrupt practices Act prohibits briberyRead MoreIphone And Globalization : Apple s Most Revolutionary Product1442 Words   |  6 PagesiPhone and Globalization iPhone, Apple’s most revolutionary product, is no doubt one of the symbols of globalization. The world will never be same again after its appearance. So what is globalization and how iPhone is related to this phenomenon? Globalization is a process of world’s both transitional and transcultural integration (Al-Rodhan). Globalization implies the formation of a single (universal) global economic, cultural, legal and information space. In other words, the globalization movementRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead MoreNegatives Of Globalization1236 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization is a complex term which is deeply controversial due to the soc io-economic integration of the world into one global economy. It is the process that includes integration and interaction among the people, companies, money, and government of different nations. This process also includes the impact of economic development, cultural enhancement, changes in the environment, financial institution, technological transformation and human society all over the world. There are many factorsRead MoreGlobalization and Lower Living Standards for Americans Essay example1364 Words   |  6 PagesKofi Annan, a UN diplomat, once said,â€Å"...that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity.† He is undoubtedly correct in this assessment. Indeed, globalization is no longer something to be skeptical of, it is very real and is changing our world exponentially. The affects of globalization, however, continue to be a heated topic for debate. Proponents praise the overall economic lift provided by free trade, the diffusion of cultures, and the spread of democracyRead MoreImpact of Globalization on the World Tourism 1155 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Globalization on the World Tourism In today’s time the world is known to be a â€Å"Global Village†. If a person wants to visit any part of the world he/she can be there with in no time. The countries have progressed in terms of infrastructure, technology, transportation and communication. The policies which allow global trade have enabled businesses to use the natural resources from any part of the world. Trade has also been successful in bringing together different people and cultures.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

The Effects Of Past And Current Domestic Violence Towards...

Women who kill abusing husbands is a topic that can be used to shine light on some of the current issues of sexual harassment, domestic violence and even some of the laws that are put in place to protect and demean women’s rights. The purpose of this paper is to inform readers that there are many issues that lead up to a woman killing their abuser/husbands, such as the harsh history of violent used against women by their husband, involvement of church, fear for children in the home, and having limited resources to safely leave. This paper will also inform readers of the effects of past and current domestic violence towards women. This paper will give reader a chance to think of effective interventions and possible solutions on assisting women that are being abused. Having being a woman that is currently involved in a relationship that has turned violent on multiple occasions, it was hard to research this topic and learn that the history of women has always dealt with women bei ng beaten in the name of religion and laws. I believe that no man has a right to hit a woman, treat a woman as personal property, or less than his equal. I believe that a woman should be able to look towards her religious leaders for help, without being judge or seen as weak. However, my research as proven me wrong on many levels when it comes to the black church or laws that were placed to protect us from harm. The history of violence against women is a topic that can be traced as far back as toShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Against Men and Women1449 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence against Men and Women Sandra Marable Kaplan University CM-220 Professor Freiteg May 20, 2013 Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wivesRead MoreIntroduction. This Paper Describes The Headline Findings1409 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION This paper describes the headline findings from Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) on the extent of, and trends in, domestic abuse among the black women in the United Kingdom aged 18 to 45, who are the resident in households of England and Wales. Domestic abuse includes a number of various forms of physical as well as non-physical abuse consisting of partner and family abuse, sexual assault and stalking. The abuse can be either of the victim-offender relationship or of the abuseRead MoreDomestic violence INTRODUCTION is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual1200 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic violence INTRODUCTION is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault and/or other abusive behavior perpetuated by an intimate partner against another. National coalition Against Domestic Violence, Domestic Violence Facts (www.ncadv.org/files/domesticviolencefactsheet) Domestic violence is also referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV), Spousal abuse, and Family violence and dating abuse. It occurs all over the world, cutting across all cadres of the societyRead MoreDomestic Violence On Children Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis article ignited the relationship between man and women who has encountered abusive behavior at home and psychological wellness issues there tends to be a disconnection between aggressive behavior at home and support for emotional wellness. While exploring venture embracing qualities based way to deal with recuperation and aggressive behavior at home and psychological wellness affect the lives of women. Ladies survivors qualities and posttraumatic development with regards to aggressive behaviorRead MoreThe Issue Of Domestic Violence Against Women1497 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last 50 years the world has made huge strides against the issue of domestic violence against women. While this may seem like a great moral victory for us as a society we have a long way to go before the issue is under control. The very image of a man striking a w oman immediately strikes a chord with most of us, causing great discomfort. If we switch the roles however the same proverbial chord lies there dormant. In fact when a man is struck in a movie by a woman it is often displayedRead MoreIntroduction. Domestic Violence Is A Serious Issue Affecting1386 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Domestic Violence is a serious issue affecting women all over the world today. Domestic Violence transpires when a current intimate partner decides to exercise dominance in a relationship through means of psychological, physical and sexual abuse towards the victim. This type of abuse often leads to emotional and or physical trauma. Domestic Violence is not only physical or sexual other forms of domestic violence exist such as stalking and dating violence. It is a problem without limitsRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Twilight814 Words   |  3 Pagesmaterial. But has this new fad had a negative effect on teens? Some of theses books (for example the Twilight series written by Stephanie Meyer) have portrayed an example for teenagers and even adults that should be more closely examined. A hundred years ago, books for kids were dominated with stories about boys having adventures and girls finding husbands; then, from the 1950s to the 1970s, the themes were emerging sexuality and parenta l conflict. The current age of young adult literature contains aRead MorePhysical and Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence on Women1593 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women in the United States† (Jones 87). Every twelve seconds, a woman is beaten by a man (Jones 6). Every nine days, a woman is murdered by her husband or boyfriend (Jones 7). Statistics like these outline the severity and seriousness of the domestic violence epidemic in this country. Unfortunately, it has taken lawmakers too long to recognize domestic violence as a devastating situation that affects millions of people both physicallyRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Women1599 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a large social issue around the world that is commonly associated with the mistreatment of women. However, there are many different forms of domestic violence that affect men, women, and children (Domestic Violence 1). Victims of domestic violence may suffer not only physically, but emotionally and mentally as well. Domestic violence is a very important social issue because it negatively affects both the abuser and the victim. In the article, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse: TypesRead MoreViolence Against Women In India1556 Words   |  7 PagesViolence against women is not a problem of today; it is rooted decades before. It is present all over the world .The condition is getting worse day by day. It is crossing all the borders and races. Violence against women is a very serious and sensitive issue as it is one of the most pervasive of human rights violation denying fundamental rights to almost half of population (females and girls).Domestic violence is much more drastic than violence outside because home is a place where individual seeks

Controlled Substance Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1217 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Act Essay Marijuana Essay Did you like this example? Controlled Substance Act: The Legalization of Marijuana The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was approved by the Congress in 1970. Section II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, is the federal U.S. drug policy that controls the custody, use, engineering and import of specific controlled substances. The drugs listed in the CSA fall under different categories; the categories are known as schedules. The legislation created 5 schedules with different explanations for a substance to be contained within in each. The schedule one drugs are viewed as extremely dangerous while the drugs listed on schedule five are not as dangerous (drugpolicy.org). Some of the drugs listed under the act are as less harmless than nicotine, caffeine and alcohol. One of the drugs I believe should be removed from the list is marijuana for various different reasons. During the 1920s many Mexican immigrants fled to the United States for work. With them, many of them brought marijuana. The act of smoking marijuana was picked up on by many musicians during the 1920s and 1930s, but was not used widespread until the 1960s. During the 1930s, a marijuana conviction could result in up to a six month sentence. In 1937, the Treasury Department established a marijuana transfer tax known as the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, after testifying before Congress. After 1937 up until the passing of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Act of 1970, which include the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, marijuana was legally controlled through a transfer tax. Marijuanaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s classification as a schedule I drug means that the DEA defines it as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“drug with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hirst, 2013). Hirst contends that this illegal status of the drug has been a major impediment facilitating research that would evaluate potential benefits of the drug. The author also points out that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ a complicated federal approval process and limited availability of research-grade marijuana add to the difficultyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hirst, 2013). Classifying it to a Schedule II drug, according to the author, would mean that it is still considered harmful, but it would acknowledge that the drug has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“potential medical valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and, therefore, facilitate research (Hirst, 2013). On the other hand, marijuana can become psychologically addictive. A psychological addiction occurs when the cravings for a drug are emotional. But, canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t anything become addictive? Caffeine, alcohol, and video games are three common propensities, and they are perfectly legal. Yes, some people get à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hookedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on marijuana and are overcome by the desire to have it in their system. That also happens with caffeine and alcohol, does it not? Indeed, marijuana is just like everything else, an addiction if you allow yourself to perceive it that way . In fact, the human mind is one of the most omnipotent things in the world; you can convince yourself to believe just about anything you want to, hence leaving room for psychological addictions. Accordingly, addictions like caffeine, alcohol, and video games can be prevented by limiting your intake/playing time and keeping your mind in line with the facts. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 led to several other laws being formed that would further criminalize marijuana and other recreational drugs. One year after the establishment of the Controlled Substances Act, President Nixon declared the War on Drugs. This attempt to control recreational drug use among Americans is seen today as one of the biggest failures and biggest wastes of money in American history. Every year hundreds of thousands to millions of people are arrest for drug violations. About half of these arrests are for small amounts of marijuana. In 1973, New York States legislature passed the Rockefeller Drug Laws . These laws would give long prison sentences for drug offenders. These offenses were most commonly for the sale or possession of small amounts of illicit drugs like marijuana. Since the inception of the Rockefeller Drug Laws, over 150,000 New Yorkers have been sent to prison for non-violent drug offenses. Between the years of 1974 and 2002, the prison population in New York rose by almost 500%. Marijuana is the most common illegal drug used in the United States with roughly 100 million Americans admitting to trying marijuana at least once. The U.S. has the largest prison population in the world, with about 2.3 million behind bars. More than half a million of those people are incarcerated for a drug law violation (cnn.com). The government currently spends billions of dollars every year to chase peaceful people who happen to like to use marijuana as a relaxer, such as people who us alcohol or tobacco. These people get locked up in prison and the taxpayers have to pay the bill. We have to pay for food, housing, healthcare, attorney fees, court costs, and other expenses to lock up people who use marijuana on their own time. A Pew study says it costs the U.S. an average of $30,000 a year to incarcerate an inmate, but the nation spends only an average $11,665 per public school student. The future of our nations and our children should be our priority. We should be helping people addicted to drugs break their habits rather than putting users in prison (cnn.com). The government estimated if marijuana were to be taxed in the same manner as tobacco and alcohol it would bring in nearly 50 billion in tax income yearly. Estimated annual revenue in the state of California alone would raise $1,400,000,000 if it taxed and regulated the sale of marijuana (drugpolicy.org). Legalizing marijuana would save the U.S. a yearly total of $41 billion by not enforcing marijuana arrest; this money can be used for health and educational benefits. Advocates of medical marijuana clai m that the drug can be a safe and effective treatment for the symptoms of AIDS, Cancer, glaucoma, pain, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and other conditions. The government should legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use to help patients, create tax revenue, and end the non-stop war on drugs. People can decide whether or not they want to use marijuana. The government only has the right to limit the choice of an individual only if the action endangers someone else. When talking about marijuana this should not apply because those who choose to use marijuana on his or her free will. The government also may have a right to limit individual actions if the actions pose a significant threat to the individual. But this argument does not logically apply to marijuana because marijuana is far less dangerous than some drugs which are legal, such as alcohol and tobacco. Then legalization might reduce the likelihood of moving on to harder drugs. References Hirst, J. E. (2013), à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Health Effects of Medical Marijuana still Hazyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Providence Journal. Title 21 United States Code Controlled Substances Act Public Law 91-513 Drug War Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2014, from https://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-war-statistics Ferner, M. (n.d.). One Marijuana Arrest Occurs Every 42 Seconds In U.S.: FBI Report. Retrieved December 14, 2014, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/29/one-marijuana-arrest-occu_n_2041236.html Marijuana Policy Project. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2014, from https://www.mpp.org/media/op-eds/the-war-of-pot-americas-42.html (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2014, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/etc/cron.html War on drugs a trillion-dollar failure CNN.com. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2015, from https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/06/opinion/branson-end-war-on-drugs/ Drug War Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2015, from https://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-war-stat istics Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Controlled Substance Act" essay for you Create order

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Why I avoid social interaction Free Essays

Over the last few days I have been trying to find out why I avoid social interaction. Usually, I don’t feel comfortable to meet new people. After meditating for sometime I found out that this problem was not an issue that came up in one single day but has developed over a number of years. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I avoid social interaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now I therefore went further to think about my past life and the experience that may have led to this kind of behavior. This essay analyzes these experience and their theoretical explanation using psychological eye. My mother is a teacher while my father is a doctor. They are both hardworking and have achieved a lot in their professionals. They always show me some of the medals they were awarded for their good performance in their respective institutions. Apart from that, I have attended and witnessed them receiving the awards. The most significant instances included a ceremony where may father was named the doctor of the year after carrying out a surgical operation which was thought to be too complicated and difficulty to perform. Just a month later, I witnessed my mother receiving a present as the teacher whose subject was best performed in that year. I was so moved by these two occasions that I promised to work hard and become a doctor like my father. One thing I didn’t like in these ceremonies was that particular moment when my parents introduced me to their friends. I was normally filled with fear and shyness. My parents also realized that I was having a very difficulty time whenever we attended such occasions. We all discussed about my problem. They told me that even when I was young I was not only afraid of strangers but also shy. They concluded by telling me that this reaction would not stop all of a sudden but would even continue in the future. They both agreed that this may be the reason why I was uncomfortable whenever I met new people. Back in my school, meetings were often held to evaluate the performance of the students. This was done to ensure that every student did well in examinations as well as to find out, if any, the problems why some students didn’t perform well. Those students who performed poorly in exams were punished and ridiculed. They were even nicknamed. On one particular day I was almost about to fall under this category of students. My parents were annoyed and cautioned me about the kind of friends I had in school. I was promised a present if I improved in school. I had to dedicate more of my time in studies. I used to spend most of my leisure time in watching movies and soaps. Though I didn’t like this at first, I had no alternative since my family and I had moved to this country in which I was quite unfamiliar with. I eventually came to love watching the T. V and currently I prefer this to going out and meeting new people. I usually spend most of the afternoon watching the TV and I have come to associate evenings with watching the TV. The presents my parents received motivated me so much that I had to set my personal goal of being like them or even doing better. A child personality is usually shaped by their personal interaction with their parents and forces which are unconscious. According to Maslow â€Å"the inner need to fulfill one’s potential† which he referred to as ‘self actualization’ is a process that continues all though one’s life. In other words, it is not only applicable to childhood but also across on individual’s lifespan (Slater A, Bremner G, 2003, pp. 57-58). I always felt I that I would only achieve ‘self actualization’ at that time when I will become a doctor and I had to give more time to my studies then going out to meet new people. Psychoanalytic theory (Maslow theory of self actualization) is the reason why I always worked hard to become a doctor. However the theory may not explain my behavior since I have already changed my mind about my future career and I no longer long to be a doctor. My parents’ explanation about my behavior can be traced to trait theories where our actions in childhood are supposed to be manifested even when we grow old. On the other hand this may not explain my behavior since not all what I did in my childhood is manifested in my current life situations (Ewen R, 1998, pp109). Watching some students being punished and humiliated in front of their schoolmates forced me to work even harder to avoid the same. My parents’ reaction to my poor performance and their promise to reward me mounted pressure on me to spend more time in studying. Social learning theory is the reason why I spend more time in books and discouraged me to meet new people. I learned how grievous it was to fail in school by â€Å"observing behaviors of others and outcomes of these behaviors† (Bandura A, 1977, pp. 21-23) However some of my classmates still go out to meet new friends and their performance in class is excellent. Others spend more time studying and perform poorly so this may not be the reason why I avoided social interactions. Watching the T. V came to be part of my life even though I didn’t like it at first. classical conditioning is the reason why I long for the evenings because I love to watch movies and songs. According to Pavlov P. , conditioning implies to that â€Å"process where neurological patterns become sufficiently established to make a response† and there must also be reinforcement (Cropps R, 1986, pp. 98). I no longer watch TV in the evening. From the theory of classical conditioning the evening can can be taken to represent the conditioned stimuli while the Tv soaps and movies represent the unconditioned stimuli. I enjoyed watching the Tv in the evening so much and an evening always reminded me of the soaps and movies. This theory may also not sufficiently explain my behavior because though I no longer watch the Tv in the evening, i still don’t like going out to meet new people. All the theories discussed above do not sufficiently explain my behavior even though they may be part of the explanation. I still don’t have a concrete explanation of my behavior up to date. How to cite Why I avoid social interaction, Papers

Filtration Centrifugation Free Essays

FILTRATION â€Å"Filtration may be defined as a process of separation of solids from a fluid by passing the same through a porous medium that retains the solids, but allows the fluid to pass through. † The suspension to be filtered is known as slurry. The porous medium used to retain the solids is known as filter medium. We will write a custom essay sample on Filtration Centrifugation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The accumulated solids on the filter are referred to as filter cake, while the clear liquid passing through the filter is filtrate. When solids are present in a very low concentration i. e. , not exceeding 1. 0% w/v, the process of its separation from liquid is called ‘clarification’. Process of filtration: The filtration operation is shown below in the figure * The pores of the filter medium are smaller than the size of the particles to be separated. * Filter medium (for eg: filter paper or muslin cloth) is placed on a support (a sieve). * When slurry (feed) is passed over the filter medium, the fluid flows through the filter medium by virtue of a pressure differential across the filter. * Gravity is acting on the liquid column. Therefore, solids are trapped on the surface of the filter medium Figure 1: filtration Once the preliminary layer of particles is deposited, further filtration is brought about wherein the filter medium serves only as a support. * The filter will work efficiently only after an initial deposit. * After a particular point of time, the resistance offered by the filter cake is high that virtually filtration is stopped. For this reason, a positive pressure is applied on the filter cake (upstream) or negative pressure (suction) is applied below the filter medium (downstream). Factors affecting the rate of filtration: The rate of filtration which depends on various factors can be written as: Rate of filtration = Area of filter X Pressure difference Viscosity X Resistance of cake and filter The rate of filtration depends on the following factors: 1. Pressure: * The rate of filtration of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure difference between the ‘filter medium’ and ‘filter cake’. * Thus, the rate of filtration can be increased by applying pressure on the liquid being filtered or by decreasing the pressure beneath the filter. 2. Viscosity: * The rate of filtration is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid undergoing filtration. Liquids which are very viscous get filtered slowly in comparison to liquids with low viscosity. * Reduction of viscosity of a liquid by raising the temperature is frequently done in order to accelerate filtration. eg: syrups are more quickly filtered when hot and cold. 3. Surface area of filter media: * The rate of filtratio n is directly proportional to the surface area of filter media. * Pleating the filter paper or using a fluted funnel increases the effective surface area of filter paper for filtration. Filter press also works on the same principle. 4. Temperature of liquid to be filtered: Temperature plays an important role in the rate of filtration. * Viscosity is reduced by a rise in temperature and the filtration of viscous oils, syrups etc is often accelerated by filtering them while they are still hot. 5. Particle size: * The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the particle size of the solid to be removed. * It is easier to filter a liquid having coarse particles than that having finely divided particles because coarse filtering medium can be used to filter liquid having coarse and hence it increases the rate of filtration. Therefore before filtration, some method should be adopted to agglomerate the finely divided particles into coarse particles or to increase the particle size by precipitation. 6. Pore size of filter media: * The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the pore size of the filter media. * The liquid having coarse particles requires a coarse filtering media to remove them. So, the rate of filtration is increased when a coarse filter medium is used for filtration. 7. Thickness of cake: * The rate of filtration is inversely proportional to the thickness of the filter cake formed during the process of filtration. As the filtration process proceeds, the solid particles start depositing on the filter medium, and thus, it increases the thickness of the cake and decreases the rate of filtration. 8. Nature of the solid material: * The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the porosity of the filter cake. * The porosity of the filter cake depends on the nature of the solid particles to be removed from the liquid. * Filter aids are sometimes added to the filtering liquid to make a porous cake Theories of filtration The flow of a liquid thorough a filter follows the basic rules that govern the flow of any liquid through the medium offering resistance. The rate of flow may be expressed as: Driving force Rate = ——————– (equation 1) Resistance The rate of filtration may be expressed as volume (lit) per unit time (dv/dt). The driving force is the pressure differential between the upstream and downstream of the filter. The resistance is not constant. It increases with an increase in the deposition of solids on the filter medium. Therefore filtration is not a steady state. The rate of flow will be greatest at the beginning of the filtration process, since the resistance is minimum. Once the filter cake is formed, its surface acts as filter medium and solids continuously deposit adding to the thickness of the cake. The resistance to flow is related to several factors as mentioned below. Length of capillaries Resistance to movement = ———————————————————— Poiseuille’s Equation: Poiseuille’s considered that filtration is similar to the stream line flow of a liquid under pressure through capillaries. Poiseuille’s equation is ? pr4 V = —————– 8L? Where, V= rate of flow, i. e. , volume of liquid flowing in unit time, m3/s(1/s) p = pressure difference across the filter, pa r = radius of the capillary in the filter bed, m L = thickness of the filter cake (capillary length), m = viscosity of filtrate, pa s If the cake is composed of a bulky mass of particles and the liquid flows through the interstices (correspond to a multiplicity of capillary tubes), then the flow of liquids through these may be expressed by poiseulle’s equation. Darcy’s Equation: Poiseuille’s law assumes that the capillaries found in the filter are highly irregular and nonuniform. Therefore, if the length of a capillary is taken as the thickness of the bed, correction factor for radius is applied so that the rate equat ion is closely approximated and simplified. The factor influencing the rate of filtration has been incorporated into an equation by Darcy, which is: KA P V = ——————– ? L Where, K = permeability coefficient of the cake, m2 A = surface area of the porous bed (filter medium), m2 p = pressure difference across the filter, pa L = thickness of the filter cake (capillary length), m ? = viscosity of filtrate, pa s The term K depends on the characteristics of the cake, such as porosity, surface area and compressibility. Permeability may be defined quantitatively as the flow rate of a liquid of unit viscosity across a unit area of cake having unit thickness under a pressure gradient of unity. This model relates not only to filter beds or cakes but also applies to other types of depth filter. Equipment is valid for liquids flowing through sand, glass beads and various porous media. Darcy’s equation is further modified by including characteristics of K by Kozeny-Carman. Kozeny-Carman Equation: Poiseuille’s equation is made applicable to porous bed, based on a capillary type structure by including additional parameters. Thus the resultant equation, which is widely used for filtration is Konzeny- Carman equation. A p ? 3 ?S2 KL (1- ? )2 V = —— ——- ——– Where, ? = porosity of the cake (bed) S = specific surface area of the particles comprising the cake, m2/m3 K = Konzeny constant p = pressure difference across the filter, pa L = thickness of the filter cake (capillary length), m ? = viscosity of filtrate, pa s The Konzeny constant is usually taken as 5. The effect of compressibility of the cake on flow rate can be appreciated from equation (1), since the flow rate is proportional to ? 3/ (1- ? )2. A 10 percent change in porosity can produce almost 3-fold change inn V. Limitations of Kozeny Carman equation: Kozeny Carman equation does not take in to account of the fact that the depth of the granular bed is lesser than the actual path traversed by the fluid. The actual path is not straight throughout the bed, but it is sinuous or tortuous Mechanisms of filtration: The mechanism whereby particles are retained by a filter is significant only in the initial stages of filtration. Some of the mechanisms are: Straining: Similar to sieving i. e. , the particles of larger size cannot pass through the smaller pore size of the filter medium. Impingement: Solids having momentum move along the path of streamline flow and strike (impinge) the filter medium. Thus, the solids are retained on the filter medium. Entanglement: Particles become entwined (entangled) in the mass of fibres (of cloth with a fine hairy surface or porous felt) due to smaller size of particles than the pore size. Thus the solids are retained on the filter medium. Attractive forces: Solids are retained on the filter medium as a result of attractive forces between particles and filter medium, as in case of electrostatic precipitation. FILTER MEDIA AND FILTER AIDS Filter media: The filter medium act as a mechanical support for the filter cake and is also responsible for the collection of solids. Filter medium should have the following characteristics: 1. It should have sufficient mechanical strength. 2. It must be inert; it should not show chemical or physical interaction. 3. It should not absorb the dissolved material. 4. It should allow the maximum passage of liquid, while retaining the solids. It means that it must offer low resistance to flow. The magnitude of the resistance of the filter medium will change due to the layers of solids deposited earlier, which may block the pores or may form bridges over the entrances of the channels. Therefore, the pressure should be kept low at the beginning to avoid the plugging of the pores. The usual procedure is to filter at constant rate by increasing the pressure as necessary. When normal working pressure is reached, it is maintained. On continued filtration, the thickness of the cake further builds up and hence the rate of filtration decreases. When the rate is uneconomical, filtration is stopped. The filter cake is removed and filtration is restarted. Materials: The following materials are used as filter media: 1. Woven materials such as felt or cloth: * Woven material is made of wool, cotton, silk, glass, metal or synthetic fibres (rayon, nylon etc. ) * Synthetic fibres have greater chemical resistance than wool or cotton, which are affected by alkali and acid respectively. * The choice of the fibre depends on the chemical reactivity with the slurry. . Perforated sheet metal: * For eg: stainless steel plates have pores which act as channels as in case of meta filter (edge filter). 3. Bed of granular solid built up on a supporting medium: * In some processes, a bed of graded solids may be formed to reduce the resistance to the flow. * Typical examples of granular solids are gravel, sand, asbestos, paper, pulp an d keiselguhr. * The choice of solids depends on the size of the solids in the process. 4. Prefabricated porous solid unit: * Porous solids prefabricated into a single unit are being increasingly used for its convenience and effectiveness. Sintered glass, sintered metal, earthenware and porous plastics are some of the materials used for the fabrication. 5. Cartridge filter media: * Cartridge units are economical and available in pore size of 100 µm to even less than 0. 2  µm. * These can be used either as surface cartridges or depth type cartridges. a) Surface type cartridges: * These are corrugated and resin treated papers. These are used in hydraulic lines. * Ceramic cartridges are advantageous in cleaning for reuse by back flushing or firing. * Porcelain filter candles are used for sterile filtration. ) Depth type cartridges: * These are made of cotton, asbestos or cellulose. * These are disposable items, since cleaning is not feasible. Filter Aids: Filter aid forms a surface deposit which screens out the solids and also prevents the plugging of the supporting filter medium. The important characteristics of the filter aids are: 1. Chemically inert to the liquid being filtered and free from impurities. 2. Low specific gravity, so that filter aids remain suspended in liquid. 3. Porous rather than dense, so that previous cake can be formed. 4. Recoverable Justification: The object of the filter aid is to prevent the medium from becoming blocked and to form an open, porous cake, hence reducing the resistance to flow of the filtrate. a) Usually low resistance is offered by the filter medium itself, but as layers of solid built up the resistance will be increased. The cake may become impervious by blocking of the pore in the medium. Flow rate is inversely proportional to the resistance of the solid cake. b) Slimy or gelatinous material and highly compressible substances form impermeable cakes. The filter medium gets plugged and the flow of filtrate stops. Disadvantages: * The filter aids remove the coloured substances by absorbing them. Sometimes active principles such as alkaloids are absorbed on the filter aid. * Rarely, filter aids are a source of contaminants such as soluble iron salts, which can provoke degradation of sensitive ingredients. * Liquid retained in the pores of the filter cake is lost in the manufacturing process. Example of filter aids: * Keiselguhr, Talc, Charcoal, Asbestos, Paper pulp, Bentonite, Fullers earth * Activated charcoal is used for removal of organic and inorganic impurities. Keiselguhr is a successful filter aid and as little as 0. 1% can be added to the slurry. The rate of filtration is increased by 5 times or more, at the above concentration, though the slurry contains 20% solids. Handling of filter aids: Filter aids are mostly used for clarification processes, i. e. , where solids are discarded. Different flow rates can be achieved depending on the grade of the aids. * Low flow rate (fine solids) â €“ fine grade filter aids –mainly intended for clarity. * Fast flow rate (coarse solids) -coarse grade filter aids –acceptable filtrate. The filter aid can be employed in either one or both ways. a) Firstly, a pre coat is formed over the medium. For this purpose, a suspension of the filter aid is filtered to give a coating up to 0. 5/m2. b) Secondly, a small proportion of filter aid (0. 1-0. 5% of total batch weight) is purposely added to the slurry. So the filter cake has a porous structure and filtration can be efficient. The filter aid of 1-2 parts per each part of contaminant is mixed in the feed tank. This slurry is re circulated through the filter until a clear filtrate is obtained. Filtration then proceeds to completion. The body mix method minimises equipment requirement and cross contamination potentials. Sterile Filtration: Sterile filtration is carried out for removal of microorganisms from fluids. It is a cheap and satisfactory method for sterilizing heat-sensitive (thermolabile) materials. The method implies the use of membrane filters which do not impart any particulate matter, fibers, or chemical reaction to the filtrate unlike unglazed porcelain candles, asbestos pads and other filters. In addition, no pretreatment is required, cleaning is no problem and the filters can be autoclaved or gas sterilized after assembly in its holder. Even when sterility is not warranted but ‘polishing’ (removal of particulate matter including live or dead bacterial cells in order to obtain high purity and clarity) is desired in products like oral or topical antibiotic preparations, membrane filters are the best choice. The following filters are used for bacterial filtration: 1. Candle filter 2. Seitz filter 3. Edge filter 4. Sintered glass filter 5. Membrane filter Candle filters: Candle filters are made of unglazed porcelain and are available in various porosity grades, either cylindrical or in the shape of the flanged test tube. Normally the filtration is so carried out that the liquid flow is from is from outside inwards and greater filtration surface is available to the incoming liquids. Candle filters can be sterilized by steaming, by hot moist air, or by autoclaving. Cleaning may be affected by drawing a large volume of distilled water through the candle filter thereby completely washing the previous solution from the pores. Thus the surface of the filter should be gently scrubbed with a soft brush, rinsed well with water and finally ignited in a muffle furnace. The main disadvantage of such filters s that the pores become plugged with organisms and debris which necessitate a very thorough cleaning. Sietz filter: It consists of an asbestos pad. The pads are available in several porosities that make them valuable for ‘polishing’ of solutions as well as removal of bacteria. Unless however the filter is backed with nylon mesh or sintered stainless steel: fibers occasionally get into the solutio n. The lower edge is fitted with a broad flat flange and the upper part is cylindrical. A perforated plate fitted into a lower part of the funnel supports the asbestos pad. As the pads are meant only for single use, the cleaning of filter media is no problem. Each time a fresh pad is to be used. The apparatus is simple in operation but suitable mostly for small quantities of liquids. Sintered glass filters: These are made of borosilicate glass. Borosilicate glass is finely powdered, sieved and particle of desired size are separated. It is then packed in to a disc mould and heated to a temperature at which adhesion takes place between the particles. The disc is then fused to a funnel of suitable shape and size. The sintered glass filters are available in different pore size. Hence the funnel with a sintered filter is numbered according to the pore size. The filtration is carried out under reduced pressure. These funnels are used for bacterial filtration. Sintered filters are also available in stainless steel which has a greater mechanical strength. However these are very much liable to attack by the solutions passing through them. Edge filters: In edge filters a pack of the filter media used and filtration is done edges by passing the liquid or slurry between and not through the media. Such filtration must be conducted under pressure or under partial vaccum system. Meta filter and stream line filter are two types of edge filters but the former is of greater use in pharmaceutical industry. Meta filters: Meta filters are useful in those manufacturing processes where filter presses are not frequently suitable. It requires no cloth, gauges, paper etc. and may be used at any pressure and temperature and for any liquid. It can be thoroughly cleaned after each operation. In its simplest form, meta filters consists of a grooved drainage rod or guide tube on which a series of rings are packed. On keeping the pack and finds its way along the grooves in drainage rod and ultimately to the receiver. These may be operated with pressure or under vaccum system. The rings are usually of stainless steel, of about 15mm inside diameter, 22mm outside diameter and 0. 8mm in thickness, with a number of semicircular projections on one surface. These pressure filters can be used for the filtration of very viscous liquids such as syrups or oils by fitting a steam jacket and rendering the liquids less viscous. They are also useful in the clarification of injection solutions and products such as insulin liquids. This type of filter can be cleaned easily by back-flushing with water or steam. Because of the shape of the pores in the ring, back-flushing will wash away the filter bed completely. Meta filters are very economic in use. Streamline filters: Operation wise and also geometrically, the streamline filter is similar to meta filter but the cylindrical filter pack consists of compressed paper discs. The liquid flow takes place radially inwards through the small space between individual papers and through the papers themselves. Membrane filters: * Ultra filtration methods have become popular in recent years mainly due to increased refinement of various membranes. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives are mostly commonly used materials for these filters. They are available in a wide range of pore sizes, ranging from 8 µ down to 0. 22 µ. * However, for sterile filtration, membranes with pore size of 0. 22 to 0. 45 µ are usually specified. * As such fine porosity of membranes may get clogged rapidly, a prefilter is used to remove colloidal matter in order to extend th e filtration cycle. * The filter primarily acts as a simple screen and retains on its surface all particles of size greater than the pore size of the filter (resembling sieving action). Due to an enormous number of very fine pores, the pore volume approximates 80% of the total volume of the membrane. * The action of the filter is mainly due to the combined forces of gravity and van Der Waals forces. * Membrane efficiency can be predicted in terms of its bubble point which is a characteristic function of porosity. It is defined as the pressure required to push air through a liquid saturated filter. Filter pores retain liquid until this point is reached. * Each membrane has specific bubble point which depends on the liquid wetting the membrane. An obvious disadvantage of membrane filter is their brittleness when dry and this makes handling difficult. The use of filters in cartridge form, overcomes this problem. * Apart from the small laboratory models, large models are available for p ilot plant and small scale production to handle up to about 25litres/minute of liquid through a 0. 45 µ pore size membrane. * Membrane filters find extensive use in filtration and sterilization of a variety of pharmaceutical products such as ophthalmic and intravenous solutions, other aqueous products, biological preparations, hormones and enzymes. In conjunction with a suitable pipette syringe, it is very useful in dispensing measured volumes of sterile fluids. * This assembly is often utilized for handling of pharmaceutical, biological and bacteriological preparations which can be damaged by metallic contact. Centrifugation Centrifugation is a unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in the dispersion with the aid of the centrifugal force. Equipment used for centrifugation is centrifuge. Centrifugal force is used to provide the driving force for the separation. It replaces the gravitation force in the sedimentation. Centrifugation is particularly useful when separation by ordinary filtration is difficult. Centrifugation provides convenient method of separating two immiscible liquids or solid from liquid. * Centrifugation is a separation process which uses the action of centrifugal force to promote accelerated settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture. * If particles size in the dispersions is 5 micro meter or less, they undergo Brownian motion, hence they do not Sediment under gravity, therefore a stronger force, centrifugal force is applied in order to separate Two distinct major phases are formed in the vessel during centrifugation: The  sediment Usually does not have a uniform structure. The  centrifugate  or  centrate  which is the supernatant liquid. Process of centrifugation: The centrifuge consists of a container in which mixture of solid and liquid or two solids is placed and rotated at high speeds. The mixture is separated into it’s constituent parts by the action of the centrifugal force on their densities. A solid or liquid with higher specific gravity is thrown outward with greater force it is retained at the bottom of the container leaving a clear supernatant liquid. The speed of the centrifuge is commonly expressed in terms of number of revolutions per minute. Theory of centrifugation: If a particle (mass = m kg) spins in a centrifuge (radius r, m) at a velocity (v, m s-1) then the centrifugal force (F, N) acting on the particle equals m v2/r. The same particle experiences gravitational force (G, Newton) = m g (where g = acceleration due to gravity) Centrifugal force = f = mv2/r Centrifugal effect (C) = F/G = mv2 /mgr (v = 2 ? r n ) c = (2? r n)2/ g r = 4 ? 2r n2/ g (d= r/2) = 2 ? 2 d n2/ g (g = 9. 807) C = 2. 013 d n2 Centrifugal effect, C= 2. 013 n2d n= speed of rotation( revolution per second of centrifuge) * d= diameter of rotation So * Centrifugal effect is directly proportional to diameter of rotation * Centrifugal effect is directly proportional to (speed of rotation)2 There are two main types of centrifuge used to achieve separation on an industrial scale, * Filtration centrifuge: Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtratio n-type operation (work like a spin-dryer) and * Sedimentation centrifuge : Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal orce Perforated basket centrifuge: Figure: Perforated Basket Centrifuge In this type of centrifuge, a basket is mounted above a driving shaft. This type of centrifuges are used for batch processes. Principle: Perforated basket (bowl) centrifuge is a filtration centrifuge. The separation through a perforated wall based on the difference in the densities of solid and liquid phases. The bowl contains a perforated side wall. During centrifugation, the liquid phase passes through a perforated wall, while solid phase is retained in the bowl. The solids are removed after stopping the centrifuge. Construction: It consists of a basket, made of steel (sometimes covered by vulcanite or led) or copper. The material of construction should be such that it offers greatest resistance to corrosion. The basket may have diameter of 0. 90 meters and capacity of 0. 085 meter cube. The diameter of perforations must be based on the size of crystals to be separated. The basket is suspended on a vertical shaft and is driven by a motor using suitable power system. Perforated basket is kept in a casing which collects the filtrate and discharges it through outlet. Working: The material to be separated kept in the basket. The loading of material must be done to give an even distribution. The power is applied to run the basket at speed of 1000 rpm. During centrifugation the liquid passes through the perforated wall and solid phase retaind in the basket. Uses: * Perforated basket centrifuge is extensively used for separation of crystalline drugs (aspirin) from mother liquor. Sugar crystals are separated using the perforated basket centrifuge. * Precipitated proteins from insulin can be separated. Advantages: * The process is rapid * The final product has low moisture content * It cam handle slurries with high proportion of solids even those having paste like consistency * Dissolved solids from cake can be separated. Disadvantages: * On prolonged operation solids may form hard cake. * It is a batch process. Non-Perforated Centrifuge: Principle This is sedimentation centrifuge. The separation is based on the difference in the densities of solid and liquid phases without a porous barrier. The bowl contains a non perforated side wall. During centrifugation, solid phase is retained on the sides of the basket and liquid remains at the top removed by skimming tube. Construction: It consists of a basket, made of steel (sometimes covered by vulcanite or led) or copper. The material of construction should be such that it offers greatest resistance to corrosion. The basket is suspended on a vertical shaft and is driven by a motor using suitable power system Working: The feed is continuously introduced into the centrifuge while the liquid (centrate) is continuously removed from an overflow weir inside the centrifuge * Solids build up during centrifugation forming a cake that must be periodically discharged Figure: Non-Perforated Basket Centrifuge * After the basket becomes filled with solids the centrifuge slows down and â€Å"skimming† (the removal of the top semi-liquid soft cake layer) takes place * Skimming typically removes 5 to 15% of the bowl solid volume * The bulk of the cake is discharged using a ploughing knife moving into the slowly rotating cake * The solid is discharged centrally at the bottom of the centrifuge * Solid accumulation is typically up to 60 to 85% of the maximum available depth * This type of centrifuge is typically operated at low centrifugal forces and has a relatively low solid handling capacity. The imperforated basket centrifuge is the only basket centrifuge commonly used for typical sludge dewatering applications. * High solid recovery can be achieved with this centrifuge even without chemical additives. Uses: Non-perforated basket centrifuge is useful when deposited solids offer high resisttance to the flow of liquid. Conical disc centrifuge: Principle: It is a sedimentation centrifuge. The separation is based on the difference in the the densities between phases under the influence of centrifugal force. In this a number of cone shaped plates are attached to the central shaft (which has provision for feed) at different elevations. During centrifugation, the dense solids are thrown outwards to the underside of cone shaped casing. While lighter clarified liquid passes over bowl and collected from top of the cone. Construction: It consists of shallow form of bowl containing series of conical discs attached to the central shaft at different elevations. The discs are made up of thin sheet of metal or plastic separated by narrow spaces. A concentric tube is placed surrounding the central drive shaft. Working: The feed is introduced into the concentric tube surrounding the drive shaft. The feed flows down and enters the spaces between the discs. The solids and heavier liquids thrown out ward and move underside of the discs. Low speed and short time of centrifugation is sufficient to give high degree of clarification. Uses: * Two immiscible liquids can be easily separated by continuous process after liquid-liquid extraction in manufacture of antibiotics. * Precipitated proteins in manufacture insulin can be clarified. Advantages: * Conical disc centrifuge is compact and occupies very less space. * By controlling speed of rotation and rate of flow, particles are separated into two sizes. * Separating efficiency is very high. Disadvantages: * Capacity of conical disc centrifuge is limited * Construction is complicated * Not suitable if sediment of solids form hard cake. Figure: Conical Disc Centrifuge Tubular bowl centrifuge: The tubular bowl centrifuge has been used for longer than most other designs of centrifuge. It is based on a very simple geometry: it is formed by a tube, of length several times its diameter, rotating between bearings at each end. The process stream enters at the bottom of the centri fuge and high centrifugal forces act to separate out the solids. The bulk of the solids will adhere on the walls of the bowl, while the liquid phase exits at the top of the centrifuge. * As this type of system lacks a provision of solids rejection, the solids can only be removed by stopping the machine, dismantling it and scraping or flushing the solids out manually. Tubular bowl centrifuges have dewatering capacity, but limited solids capacity. Foaming can be a problem unless the system includes special skimming or centripetal pumps. Figure: Tubular bowl centrifuge * This type of centrifuge can also be used to separate immiscible liquids. * Rate of sediment can be control by controlling the inlet rate. * The uses of centrifugal sedimenters include liquid/liquid separation, e. g. during antibiotic manufacture and purification of fish oils, the removal of very small particles, the removal of solids that are Compressible and which easily block the filter medium, The separation of bloo d plasma from whole blood (need C =3000). How to cite Filtration Centrifugation, Papers